AP Chemistry formula sheet
Checked against the College Board’s AP Chemistry equations and constants sheet, plus the key facts that sheet leaves out (trends, IMFs, strong acids, sign rules). Units are SI unless noted.
Constants
| Gas constant R | 8.314 J/(mol·K) = 0.08206 L·atm/(mol·K) = 62.36 L·torr/(mol·K) |
|---|---|
| Pressure | 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr |
| STP | 273.15 K and 1.0 atm; ideal gas molar volume 22.4 L/mol |
| Kelvin | K = °C + 273.15 |
| Avogadro’s number | 6.022 × 1023 mol−1 |
| Planck’s constant | h = 6.626 × 10−34 J·s |
| Speed of light | c = 2.998 × 108 m/s |
| Faraday’s constant | F = 96,485 C/mol e− |
| Water | Kw = 1.0 × 10−14 at 25 °C; specific heat 4.18 J/(g·°C) |
Atoms and light
| Photon energy | E = hν |
|---|---|
| Wave speed | c = λν |
| Coulomb’s law (trend) | force ∝ q1q2/r2 |
| Average atomic mass | Σ (isotope mass × fractional abundance) |
| Periodic trends | radius shrinks across a period and grows down a group; ionization energy and electronegativity do the opposite (with exceptions) |
Bonding and intermolecular forces
| London dispersion | every molecule; more electrons, stronger |
|---|---|
| Dipole–dipole | polar molecules |
| Hydrogen bonding | H bonded to N, O or F |
| Formal charge | valence e− − nonbonding e− − ½(bonding e−) |
| VSEPR | 2 domains linear 180°; 3 trigonal planar 120°; 4 tetrahedral 109.5°; 5 trigonal bipyramidal; 6 octahedral |
| Hybridization | sp = 2 domains, sp2 = 3, sp3 = 4 |
| Sigma and pi | single = 1σ; double = 1σ + 1π; triple = 1σ + 2π |
Gases and solutions
| Ideal gas law | PV = nRT |
|---|---|
| Combined gas law | P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 |
| Dalton’s law | Ptotal = PA + PB + …; PA = Ptotal × XA |
| Moles and density | n = m/M; D = m/V |
| Kinetic energy | KE = ½mv2 |
| Molarity | M = mol solute / L solution |
| Dilution | M1V1 = M2V2 |
| Beer–Lambert law | A = εbc |
Kinetics
| Rate law | rate = k[A]m[B]n |
|---|---|
| Zero order | [A]t − [A]0 = −kt (straight line: [A] vs t) |
| First order | ln[A]t − ln[A]0 = −kt (straight line: ln[A] vs t) |
| Second order | 1/[A]t − 1/[A]0 = kt (straight line: 1/[A] vs t) |
| First-order half-life | t½ = 0.693/k |
Equilibrium
| Kc for aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD | Kc = [C]c[D]d / ([A]a[B]b), leaving out pure solids and liquids |
|---|---|
| Kp | Kp = (PC)c(PD)d / ((PA)a(PB)b) |
| Q vs K | Q < K shifts right; Q > K shifts left; Q = K at equilibrium |
| Changing the reaction | reverse: 1/K; multiply by n: Kn; add reactions: multiply the Ks |
| Only temperature | changes the value of K |
Acids and bases
| pH and pOH | pH = −log[H3O+]; pOH = −log[OH−]; pH + pOH = 14 at 25 °C |
|---|---|
| Ka and Kb | Ka = [H3O+][A−]/[HA]; Kb = [OH−][HB+]/[B] |
| Conjugate pair | Kw = Ka × Kb; pKa + pKb = 14 at 25 °C |
| Henderson–Hasselbalch | pH = pKa + log([A−]/[HA]) |
| Half-equivalence point | pH = pKa |
| Strong acids | HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4 |
| Strong bases | group 1 hydroxides, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 |
Thermodynamics
| Heat | q = mcΔT |
|---|---|
| Enthalpy of reaction | ΔH° = Σ ΔH°f(products) − Σ ΔH°f(reactants) |
| From bond energies | ΔH = bonds broken − bonds formed |
| Entropy and free energy | ΔS° and ΔG° use the same products − reactants form |
| Gibbs free energy | ΔG° = ΔH° − TΔS° = −RT ln K = −nFE° |
| Favorability | ΔG° < 0 favored, and then K > 1 |
| Sign table | −ΔH, +ΔS: always favored; +ΔH, −ΔS: never; −ΔH, −ΔS: favored at low T; +ΔH, +ΔS: favored at high T |
Electrochemistry
| Current | I = q/t |
|---|---|
| Cell potential | E°cell = E°cathode − E°anode (both as reduction potentials) |
| Nernst equation | E = E° − (RT/nF) ln Q |
| Electrolysis | mol e− = It/F (t in seconds) |
| OIL RIG | oxidation at the anode, reduction at the cathode |
What it looks like on the calculator
The calculator version is the same sheet in plain text with short lines, so it fits the screen. Square roots are written as sqrt( ), powers with ^ and Greek letters as words. On the calculator, search a word like “Nernst” or “buffer” to jump straight to it. The notes are stored in Archive, so a RAM clear won’t erase them.
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Is this the official AP Chemistry equation sheet?
No. It’s our own study sheet. The equations and constants were checked against the College Board’s published AP Chemistry equations and constants sheet, and we added facts students usually look up separately, like strong acids, periodic trends and the ΔH/ΔS sign table.
Can I change the notes before I pay?
Yes. The button opens the sheet in the CiNotes notes editor. Delete what you don’t need, add your teacher’s examples, and check the calculator preview before you check out.
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Will the notes disappear if my calculator resets?
No. The notes are stored in Archive, so a RAM clear won’t erase them. On OS 5.5 or newer, open AsmHook2 from the APPS menu once after a RAM clear, then open your notes as usual.
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